Which components make up the lethal triad of trauma?

The lethal triad of trauma refers specifically to a combination of three critical physiological derangements that can significantly worsen a trauma patient's condition and lead to a higher risk of mortality if not properly addressed. These components are hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy.

Hypothermia in trauma occurs when a patient loses body heat, which can result from exposure, extensive injuries, or the effects of shock. When a body is hypothermic, its ability to coagulate blood diminishes, which can exacerbate bleeding.

Acidosis refers to the increase in acidity of the blood, which can occur due to prolonged shock or severe injury. This condition can interfere with the function of various enzymes and organ systems, impairing the body's ability to respond to injury effectively.

Coagulopathy is a condition in which the blood's ability to coagulate (clot) is impaired. This is often a consequence of trauma and can be compounded by the effects of hypothermia and acidosis. When coagulopathy is present, even small sources of bleeding can become life-threatening as the body struggles to form clots and stop hemorrhage.

Together, these three components form the lethal triad. Recognizing and managing each aspect promptly is critical in combat and emergency medicine